1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), Intermediate Glycemic Control
Measures 1,5-AG, a sugar that drops when blood glucose spikes; reflects glucose excursions over the past 1–2 weeks.
Metabolic & Diabetes150+ markers
Measures 1,5-AG, a sugar that drops when blood glucose spikes; reflects glucose excursions over the past 1–2 weeks.
Metabolic & DiabetesPrimary screening test for non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
Adrenal & StressIdentifies ABO blood type (A, B, AB, or O).
OtherAdrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary; distinguishes pituitary, adrenal, and ectopic causes of cortisol disorders.
Adrenal & StressHormone secreted by fat cells that improves insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory effects; low levels associate with metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic & DiabetesLiver enzyme; elevations indicate liver cell injury from fatty liver disease, hepatitis, medications, or alcohol.
LiverMain protein in blood; reflects liver synthesis, nutritional status, and inflammation.
LiverMuscle enzyme used to evaluate inflammatory muscle disease like polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
OtherAdrenal hormone regulating sodium, potassium, and blood pressure; high levels suggest primary aldosteronism.
Adrenal & StressEnzyme from liver, bone, and placenta; elevations point to bone turnover, liver disease, or pregnancy.
LiverAcute-phase protein that rises with inflammation, infection, or tissue damage.
Autoimmune & InflammationProtein that protects lungs and liver from enzyme damage; deficiency causes early lung and liver disease.
LiverToxic nitrogen byproduct cleared by the liver; elevations cause confusion and indicate severe liver dysfunction.
LiverPancreatic enzyme that rises with pancreatitis.
OtherImmunofluorescence-based ANA screen with automatic titer, pattern, and 11-antibody follow-up if positive.
Autoimmune & InflammationAdrenal and ovarian androgen precursor that converts to testosterone and estrogen.
Reproductive HormonesProduced by ovarian follicles; reflects remaining egg supply (ovarian reserve).
Reproductive HormonesScreens for red blood cell antibodies that could cause transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn.
OtherMain protein in HDL ('good' cholesterol); higher levels are cardioprotective.
CardiovascularProtein on every atherogenic ('bad') particle (LDL, VLDL, Lp(a)); often more predictive of cardiac risk than LDL-C.
CardiovascularMeasures recent arsenic exposure from water, food, or occupational sources.
Toxic MetalsLiver and muscle enzyme; with ALT, evaluates liver injury patterns.
LiverReleased by stressed heart muscle; elevated in heart failure and helps differentiate cardiac vs. pulmonary causes of shortness of breath.
CardiovascularThe conjugated (water-soluble) form of bilirubin; elevations suggest bile-duct obstruction or hepatocellular disease.
LiverTotal breakdown product of red blood cells; high levels cause jaundice.
LiverByproduct of insulin production; distinguishes endogenous insulin (made by pancreas) from injected insulin and assesses beta-cell function.
Metabolic & DiabetesAcute-phase protein that rises with systemic inflammation.
Autoimmune & InflammationToxic heavy metal from smoking, food, and industrial exposure that accumulates in kidneys and bones.
Toxic MetalsHormone from thyroid C-cells; elevated levels suggest medullary thyroid carcinoma.
ThyroidEssential mineral for bones, nerves, and muscles; tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.
Kidney & ElectrolytesThe biologically active form of calcium, independent of albumin levels.
Kidney & ElectrolytesDetects past or chronic exposure to Candida yeast.
Infectious DiseaseAntiphospholipid antibody; persistently positive results suggest antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a clotting disorder.
Autoimmune & InflammationAcute-phase antiphospholipid antibody; combined with IgG helps diagnose antiphospholipid syndrome.
Autoimmune & InflammationCopper-carrying protein; low levels suggest Wilson's disease, high levels reflect inflammation or estrogen state.
LiverMajor electrolyte; evaluates acid-base balance and hydration with sodium and bicarbonate.
Kidney & ElectrolytesSum of all cholesterol particles; broad cardiovascular risk indicator.
CardiovascularEssential trace mineral involved in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
Vitamins & NutrientsTrace metal; component of vitamin B12 and marker of joint implant wear from metal-on-metal prostheses.
Vitamins & NutrientsAntioxidant essential for mitochondrial energy production; depleted by statins and age.
Vitamins & NutrientsBone resorption marker that shows how fast bone is being broken down.
Bone HealthEssential trace mineral; deficiency causes anemia and neuropathy, excess suggests Wilson's disease.
Vitamins & NutrientsCopper inside red cells; more reflective of tissue stores than serum copper.
Vitamins & NutrientsMorning cortisol when levels peak; screens for adrenal insufficiency and Cushing's syndrome.
Adrenal & StressMass-spectrometry cortisol; more accurate than immunoassay, especially when other steroids are elevated.
Adrenal & StressEnzyme released from damaged muscle; evaluates muscle injury, statin myopathy, and inflammatory myopathies.
OtherHighly specific autoantibody for rheumatoid arthritis; often positive before symptoms appear.
Autoimmune & InflammationDetects recent or active CMV infection.
Infectious DiseaseFibrin breakdown product elevated in clots, inflammation, and pregnancy.
OtherAdrenal androgen precursor; reflects adrenal androgen production and declines with age.
Reproductive HormonesFree DHEA; precursor to sex hormones and used in fertility and androgen workups.
Reproductive HormonesPotent androgen converted from testosterone by 5-alpha-reductase; drives hair follicle and skin androgen effects.
Reproductive HormonesDirect measurement of LDL cholesterol (vs. calculated); more accurate when triglycerides are high or after meals.
CardiovascularMarker of active or recently active EBV infection; elevated in chronic active EBV.
Infectious DiseasePrimary estrogen during reproductive years; produced by ovaries.
Reproductive HormonesHigh-sensitivity mass-spec estradiol; accurate at very low levels (menopause, pediatric, men).
Reproductive HormonesEstrogen made by the placenta during pregnancy; low levels signal fetal/placental dysfunction.
Reproductive HormonesSum of all major estrogens (E1, E2, E3); broad estrogen status snapshot.
Reproductive HormonesWeaker estrogen that becomes the dominant estrogen after menopause; made in fat tissue.
Reproductive HormonesIron storage protein; low levels diagnose iron deficiency before anemia develops.
CBC, Iron & AnemiaFunctional assay for fibrinogen, a key clotting protein; low levels increase bleeding risk.
OtherFolate inside red blood cells; reflects long-term folate status better than serum folate.
Vitamins & NutrientsCurrent circulating folate; reflects recent intake.
Vitamins & NutrientsReflects average blood glucose over the past 2–3 weeks (shorter window than A1c).
Metabolic & DiabetesPituitary hormone that drives ovarian follicle growth; rises with ovarian decline.
Reproductive HormonesLiver enzyme sensitive to alcohol use and bile-duct obstruction; rises in fatty liver disease.
LiverHormone that stimulates stomach acid; elevated in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and on acid-suppressing medications.
OtherCeliac disease antibody; more useful than older anti-gliadin tests and especially helpful in IgA-deficient patients.
Autoimmune & InflammationHormone that raises blood sugar; opposes insulin and helps evaluate rare pancreatic tumors.
Metabolic & DiabetesBlood sugar level; foundational metabolic test.
Metabolic & DiabetesMeasures blood glucose 1 hour after a glucose load; standard for gestational diabetes screening.
Metabolic & DiabetesMeasures glucose 2 hours after glucose load; diagnoses diabetes and pre-diabetes.
Metabolic & DiabetesMeasures G6PD enzyme activity; deficiency causes hemolysis with certain drugs and foods (fava beans).
OtherRoutine pregnancy glucose screen using a 50g load; 135 mg/dL cutoff is more sensitive (catches more cases).
Metabolic & DiabetesSame screening test using a 140 mg/dL cutoff (more specific, fewer false positives).
Metabolic & DiabetesPlasma glucose (slightly higher than whole blood); used for diagnosis of diabetes.
Metabolic & DiabetesGlucose measured at any time, regardless of fasting status.
Metabolic & DiabetesPituitary hormone affecting growth and metabolism; abnormal in acromegaly and GH deficiency.
Metabolic & DiabetesQuantitative blood hCG; tracks pregnancy progression and detects ectopic or molar pregnancy.
Reproductive Hormones'Good' cholesterol; higher levels protect against cardiovascular disease.
CardiovascularPercentage of blood volume that is red blood cells; lower in anemia.
CBC, Iron & AnemiaOxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells; primary anemia screen.
CBC, Iron & AnemiaAverage blood glucose over the past ~3 months; diagnoses and monitors diabetes.
Metabolic & DiabetesA1c with automatic 1,5-AG follow-up when A1c is borderline; captures glucose excursions A1c misses.
Metabolic & DiabetesAmino acid; elevated levels suggest B-vitamin deficiency (B12, folate, B6) and increase cardiovascular and stroke risk.
CardiovascularHigh-sensitivity CRP; cardiovascular inflammation marker at low ranges.
CardiovascularAntibody class found in mucosal surfaces; low levels suggest IgA deficiency which affects celiac testing.
Allergy & ImmunologyAntibody mediating allergic reactions; total IgE rises in allergy, asthma, and parasitic infection.
Allergy & ImmunologyMain antibody class; reflects long-term immune memory and immune competence.
Allergy & ImmunologyHormone that lowers blood sugar; elevated levels indicate insulin resistance.
Metabolic & DiabetesAutoantibody seen in type 1 diabetes; helps distinguish T1D from T2D and LADA.
Metabolic & DiabetesInsulin level 2 hours after a glucose load; helps quantify insulin resistance.
Metabolic & DiabetesMass-spec method that measures only true insulin, excluding cross-reactivity with C-peptide and proinsulin.
Metabolic & DiabetesSerum iodine; reflects very recent intake and supplementation.
Vitamins & NutrientsIron in circulation; part of iron studies along with TIBC, ferritin, and saturation.
CBC, Iron & AnemiaAutoantibody specific for antisynthetase syndrome, a subset of inflammatory myositis with lung involvement.
Autoimmune & InflammationEnzyme released from damaged cells in many tissues; elevated in hemolysis, tissue injury, and some cancers.
LiverIndicator of tissue hypoxia, sepsis, or metabolic stress.
Kidney & ElectrolytesToxic heavy metal that crosses the placenta and is stored in bone.
Toxic MetalsHormone made by fat cells signaling satiety; elevated in obesity and decreased in malnutrition.
Metabolic & DiabetesPituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and supports luteal phase.
Reproductive HormonesPancreatic enzyme more specific than amylase for pancreatitis.
OtherGenetically determined atherogenic particle that independently raises heart and stroke risk.
CardiovascularInflammation marker specific to vascular plaque; elevated levels increase cardiovascular event risk.
CardiovascularTwo-tier Lyme disease testing — screening assay with confirmatory Western blot.
Infectious DiseaseEssential mineral; deficiency causes muscle cramps, fatigue, and arrhythmia.
Kidney & ElectrolytesMagnesium inside red cells; reflects long-term tissue stores better than serum magnesium.
Kidney & ElectrolytesToxic metal from fish consumption and dental amalgams; methylmercury crosses the placenta.
Toxic MetalsRises with B12 deficiency before serum B12 falls; more sensitive detection of true deficiency.
Vitamins & NutrientsSame as arsenic blood test; part of a comprehensive micronutrient assessment.
Toxic MetalsCadmium as part of a micronutrient panel.
Toxic MetalsChromium status as part of broader micronutrient testing.
Vitamins & NutrientsCobalt as part of comprehensive trace metal testing.
Vitamins & NutrientsCoQ10 as part of an energy/mitochondrial assessment.
Vitamins & NutrientsCopper status in plasma.
Vitamins & NutrientsFolate status as part of micronutrient panel.
Vitamins & NutrientsIron status as part of a comprehensive nutrient panel.
Vitamins & NutrientsLead testing within a broader nutrient/toxic metal panel.
Toxic MetalsRBC magnesium as a sensitive measure of stores within a micronutrient panel.
Vitamins & NutrientsManganese as part of a comprehensive trace metal assessment.
Vitamins & NutrientsMercury within a broader nutrient/toxic metal panel.
Toxic MetalsSelenium status — important for thyroid function and antioxidant defense.
Vitamins & NutrientsVitamin A within a comprehensive nutrient panel.
Vitamins & NutrientsThiamine status within a nutrient panel.
Vitamins & NutrientsB12 status within a comprehensive panel.
Vitamins & NutrientsPantothenic acid status.
Vitamins & NutrientsVitamin B6 within a nutrient panel.
Vitamins & NutrientsZinc status within a comprehensive nutrient panel.
Vitamins & NutrientsMeasures blood concentration; evaluates hydration, sodium disorders, and pituitary function.
Kidney & ElectrolytesOxidized LDL particles — more atherogenic than native LDL.
CardiovascularMineral important for bone, energy (ATP), and cell membranes.
Kidney & ElectrolytesNumber of platelets in blood; low counts increase bleeding risk.
CBC, Iron & AnemiaPlasma potassium — slightly different from serum; important for heart and muscle function.
Kidney & ElectrolytesSerum potassium — standard electrolyte assessment.
Kidney & ElectrolytesShort-half-life protein; reflects recent nutritional status better than albumin.
LiverMaster precursor steroid that becomes all other steroid hormones.
Adrenal & StressBone formation marker (P1NP); rises with new bone formation.
Bone HealthConfirms ovulation and supports luteal phase; rises in second half of cycle and pregnancy.
Reproductive HormonesMass-spec progesterone — more accurate than immunoassay, especially at low levels.
Reproductive HormonesPituitary hormone that drives lactation; elevations cause cycle irregularity and infertility.
Reproductive HormonesTotal protein in blood; reflects nutrition, liver synthesis, and inflammation.
LiverParathyroid hormone — regulates calcium and bone metabolism.
Bone HealthNumber of red cells per volume; evaluates anemia and polycythemia.
CBC, Iron & AnemiaOlder RA autoantibody; less specific than CCP but still part of the workup.
Autoimmune & InflammationConfirms immunity to rubella (German measles).
Infectious DiseaseSmall dense LDL particles — the most atherogenic LDL subtype.
CardiovascularESR — nonspecific inflammation marker.
Autoimmune & InflammationTrace mineral important for antioxidant defense and thyroid function.
Vitamins & NutrientsProtein that binds sex hormones; controls how much is biologically active.
Reproductive HormonesScreens for sickle hemoglobin (HbS).
OtherMajor electrolyte; evaluates hydration and brain/kidney homeostasis.
Kidney & ElectrolytesInactive form of T3; rises with stress, illness, or extreme calorie restriction.
ThyroidTotal triiodothyronine — active thyroid hormone in protein-bound and free forms.
ThyroidOlder measure used to derive Free Thyroxine Index; largely replaced by direct Free T4.
ThyroidBiologically active thyroid hormone available to tissues.
ThyroidBiologically active form of T4; key thyroid hormone test alongside TSH.
ThyroidGold-standard Free T4 measurement by equilibrium dialysis.
ThyroidBiologically active testosterone — what's actually working at tissues.
Reproductive HormonesMass-spec total testosterone; accurate at low female-range levels.
Reproductive HormonesAutoantibody seen in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and after thyroid cancer treatment.
ThyroidSequential thyroid testing — TSH first, then Free T4, then T3 or antibodies as needed.
ThyroidMost sensitive antibody for autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto's, Graves').
ThyroidFirst-line celiac disease antibody.
Autoimmune & InflammationIgG version used when patient is IgA-deficient.
Autoimmune & InflammationGut-microbiome-derived metabolite linked to cardiovascular and kidney disease risk.
CardiovascularIron-transport protein; rises in iron deficiency.
CBC, Iron & AnemiaBlood fat from diet and liver production; high levels increase cardiac and pancreatitis risk.
CardiovascularMast cell enzyme; elevated in mastocytosis, anaphylaxis, and mast cell activation syndrome.
Allergy & ImmunologyPituitary hormone that controls the thyroid; first-line thyroid screen.
ThyroidTSH with automatic Free T4 if TSH is abnormal — efficient thyroid screening.
ThyroidKidney function marker influenced by hydration and protein intake.
Kidney & ElectrolytesPurine metabolism end-product; high levels cause gout and kidney stones.
Kidney & ElectrolytesFat-soluble vitamin for vision, immunity, and reproduction; excess is teratogenic.
Vitamins & NutrientsMass-spec thiamine measurement.
Vitamins & NutrientsEssential for nerves, red cells, and DNA; deficiency causes anemia and neuropathy.
Vitamins & NutrientsCofactor for many enzymes and energy production.
Vitamins & NutrientsCofactor for neurotransmitters, hemoglobin, and homocysteine metabolism.
Vitamins & NutrientsAntioxidant and collagen cofactor; supports iron absorption and immune function.
Vitamins & NutrientsStorage form of vitamin D; foundational deficiency screen.
Bone HealthFat-soluble vitamin essential for clotting and bone health.
Bone HealthTrace mineral for immunity, skin, wound healing, and hormone synthesis.
Vitamins & NutrientsAutoantibody in type 1 diabetes; helps distinguish T1D from T2D and LADA.
Metabolic & DiabetesZinc inside red cells; more sensitive for long-term status than plasma zinc.
Vitamins & Nutrients